Involving severe disturbances in emotional state (e.g., Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder).

This view posits that disorders are the result of learned maladaptive behaviors and distorted thinking patterns. Therapy focuses on unlearning these behaviors and restructuring thoughts.

Abnormal psychology is a specialized branch of psychology that focuses on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Unlike general psychology, which examines "typical" human behavior, abnormal psychology investigates patterns of functioning that are considered deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, or potentially dangerous—often referred to as the "Four Ds." Defining "Abnormal"

The ultimate goal of abnormal psychology is not just to label behavior, but to understand the "why" behind it to improve lives. As our understanding of the brain and society evolves, the field continues to shift away from stigmatization and toward a more integrated, "biopsychosocial" approach to mental health.

Characterized by excessive fear or worry (e.g., GAD, Panic Disorder, Phobias).

Emphasizes the role of social forces, such as poverty, discrimination, and family dynamics, in the development of mental health issues. Common Categories of Disorders

Abnormal psychology covers a wide spectrum of conditions, including: